ALCOHOL


Flys Do It

Ancient and Widespread

3200 B.C.E. Sumerian Recipe for Beer

 


depiction of sumerians
drinking Beer

 

 

 

Hammurabi's code addresses beer and taverns:

  • 108. If a tavern-keeper (woman) does not accept corn according to gross weight in payment of drink, but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the corn, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water.
  • 109. If conspirators meet in the house of a tavern-keeper, and these conspirators are not captured and delivered to the court, the tavern-keeper shall be put to death.
  • 110. If a "sister of a god" open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death.
  • 111. If an inn-keeper furnish sixty ka of usakani-drink to (?) she shall receive fifty ka of corn at the harvest.

Drinking Cultures vs Smoking Cultures (BBC program Plants of Power Part 4 Alcohol Power)

Biochemistry

When yeast grow anaerobically they make make carbon dioxide and ethanol as waste products
This has been put to good use in the making of champagne, beer and baked beer (aka bread).


When we ingest the alcohol we reverse the last step turning it back into acetaldehyde and then into acetic acid (vinegar)

individuals have different levels of the enzymes alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases which affects how they metabolize alcohol and how they experience its effects

for example those with low levels of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase accumulate acetaldehyde and often experience flushing and other unpleasant effects

Neurochemistry

 


Simple Summary
nerve
cell communication
binding sites


GABA

 

 

mimics the effects of several other drugs

depending on the individual, the dose, the timing, the setting etc.

System

How affected

Consequences

Similar to:

Everyone is different
membranes disrupts intoxication, deterioration of brain function nitrous oxide
GABA receptor increases sensitivity to GABA depressant, lowers anxiety benzodiazapams barbituates
glutamate receptor inhibits impaired memory ketamine
dopamine receptor increased release of dopamine pleasure, reward, addiction cocaine, amphetamines
serotonin receptor increased amount of serotonin well being, satiety prozac
endorphin receptor increased release of endorphins joy, pain relief opiates
adenosine receptor increased release adenosine tired, sleepy, worn out opposite of caffeine

Neurotransmitters.

Good for you

From the Harvard School of Public Health

Participants Duration Association with moderate consumption*
Kaiser Permanente cohort: 123,840 men and women aged 30+ 10 years 40% reduction in fatal myocardial infarction, 20% reduction in cardiovascular mortality; 80% increase in fatal hemorrhagic stroke
Nurses' Health Study: 85,709 female nurses aged 34-59 12 years 17% lower risk of all-cause mortality; an earlier report showed a 40% reduction in risk of CHD and 70% reduction in risk of ischemic stroke
Physicians' Health Study: 22,071 male physicians aged 40-84 11 years 30-35% reduced risk of angina and myocardial infarction, 20-30% reduced risk of cardiovascular death
American Cancer Society cohort: 489,626 men and women aged 30-104 9 years 30-40% reduced risk of cardiovascular death
Eastern France cohort: 34,014 men and women 10-15 years 25-30% reduced risk of cardiovascular death
Health Professionals Follow-up Study: 38,077 male health professionals aged 40-75 12 years 35% reduced risk of myocardial infarction

* compared with non-drinkers


Not Good for You

 

Drinking Patterns

patterns of use in the US have gone through alternating cycles of widespread use and prohibition


via chartsbin.com
Forbidden or discouraged by some cultures

From the Quran
"O believers, intoxicating drinks, gambling, pagan sacrifice are infamous works inspired by the devil. Avoid them and you will be closer to bliss".

Encouraged by others

From Ecclesiastes
Wine is as good as life to a man, if it be drunk moderately: what life is then to a man that is without wine? For it was made to make men glad.
Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works.

Some cultures such as France and Italy, encourage drinking with meals is at an early age.
Others use alcohol primarily in a religious context.
Bear, wine, whiskey or distilled spirits are each the drink of choice in different cultures

Frats and binges

AWOL

 

If by Whiskey ...

My friends, I had not intended to discuss this controversial subject at this particular time. However, I want you to know that I do not shun controversy. On the contrary, I will take a stand on any issue at any time, regardless of how fraught with controversy it might be. You have asked me how I feel about whiskey. All right, here is how I feel about whiskey:
If when you say whiskey you mean the devil's brew, the poison scourge, the bloody monster, that defiles innocence, dethrones reason, destroys the home, creates misery and poverty, yea, literally takes the bread from the mouths of little children; if you mean the evil drink that topples the Christian man and woman from the pinnacle of righteous, gracious living into the bottomless pit of degradation, and despair, and shame and helplessness, and hopelessness, then certainly I am against it.
But, if when you say whiskey you mean the oil of conversation, the philosophic wine, the ale that is consumed when good fellows get together, that puts a song in their hearts and laughter on their lips, and the warm glow of contentment in their eyes; if you mean Christmas cheer; if you mean the stimulating drink that puts the spring in the old gentleman's step on a frosty, crispy morning; if you mean the drink which enables a man to magnify his joy, and his happiness, and to forget, if only for a little while, life's great tragedies, and heartaches, and sorrows; if you mean that drink, the sale of which pours into our treasuries untold millions of dollars, which are used to provide tender care for our little crippled children, our blind, our deaf, our dumb, our pitiful aged and infirm; to build highways and hospitals and schools, then certainly I am for it.
This is my stand. I will not retreat from it. I will not compromise.

 

Addiction

 

WestWing excerpt

 

Other Problems

 

half of sales are to teens and problem drinkers
associated with violent crimes: murder, rape, assault, child and spousal abuse
double the health care costs
80,000 deaths a year in U.S.
4000 birth defects a year

Treatment

kinds

 

Prohibition