ANU Molecular Nitrogen Cross Sections

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References:

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N₂ coupled-channel Schrödinger equation model: The following citations reference the ANU coupled-channel Schrödinger equation model of N₂ and applications of the model for the interpretation of spectroscopic features and for the interpretation of astrophysical observations.

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., L’Huillier, A., Wahlström, Lang, R., Lewis, B. R., & Gibson, S. T.,

Lifetime and predissociation yield of ¹⁴N₂ b ¹Π(v=1), J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8973 (2004). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., Zhang, W., Lefebvre-Brion, H., & Robbe, J.-M., Predissociation mechanism for the

lowest ¹Π_u states of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144302 (2005). [article link]

Haverd, V. E., Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., & Stark, G., Rotational effects in the band oscillator strengths and

predissociation linewidths for the lowest ¹Π_u – X ¹Σ⁺_g transitions of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 214304 (2005). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., & Wahlstrom, C. G., Lifetime and

predissociation yield of ¹⁴N₂ b ¹Π_u (v=1) revisited: Effects of rotation, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 236101 (2005). [article link]

Liang, M.-C., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., & Yung, Y. L., Source of nitrogen isotope anomaly in HCN in

the atmosphere of Titan, Astrophys. J. 664, L115 (2007). [article link]

Liu, X., Shemansky, D. E., Malone, C. P., Johnson, P. V., Ajello, J. M., Kanik, I., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Gibson,

S. T., & Stark, G., Experimental and coupled-channels investigation of the radiative properties of the N₂ c′₄ ¹∑_u⁺ ← X ¹∑_g⁺ band system, J. Geophys. Res. 113, A02304 (2008). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Heays, A. N., Gibson, S. T., Lefebvre-Brion, H., & Lefebvre, R., A coupled-channel model of the ³Π_u

states of N₂: Structure and interactions of the 3sσ_gF₃ ³Π_u and 3pπ_uG₃ ³Π_u Rydberg states, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 164306 (2008). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Baldwin, K. G. H., Heays, A. N., Gibson, S. T., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., & Fujitake, M.,

Structure and predissociation of the 3pσ_uD ³∑_u⁺ Rydberg state of N₂: First extreme-ultraviolet and new near-infrared observations, with coupled-channels analysis, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 204303 (2008). [article link]

Liu, X., Heays, A. N., Shemansky, D. E., Lewis, B. R., & Feldman, P. D., Analysis of terrestrial thermospheric

N₂ c′₄ ¹∑_u⁺(0) - b′¹∑_u⁺(1)-X ¹∑_g⁺ dayglow emission observed by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, J. Geophys. Res. 114, D07304 (2009). [article link]

Experimental and calculational database: There is a voluminous literature on the spectroscopy of the electronic states of N₂. Below, we list those references that inform the development of the CSE model. The spectroscopic modeling of Stahel, Leoni, & Dressler (1983) provides a foundation for subsequent models. The optimization of the ANU CSE model relies on an extensive literature of measured line positions, line widths and level lifetimes, and line strengths. In addition to the listed citations for line positions and identifications, we call attention to the N₂ molecular database, hosted by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, that catalogs the spectroscopic studies of K. Yoshino and colleagues. A broad survey of line widths and level lifetimes is available from the comprehensive laser-based spectroscopic studies of the Ubachs research group at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. Line strengths and band strengths for all dipole-allowed transitions in the 90 to 100 nm region are available from the measurements of Stark and colleagues (Stark 2005, Stark 2008, Heays 2009).

Tanaka, Y. & Jursa, A. S., A new method for producing auroral afterglow of nitrogen and its spectrum, J. Opt.

Soc. Am. 51, 1239 (1961).

Carroll, P. K., Structure of Goldstein-Kaplan bands of N₂, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A 272, 270 (1963).

Carroll, P. K. & Mulliken, R. S., ³Π levels and predissociations of N₂ near the 12.135-eV dissociation limit, J. Chem.

Phys. 43, 2170 (1965).

Tilford, S. G., Vanderslice, J. T., & Wilkinson, P. G., The high-resolution absorption spectrum of nitrogen from 1060

to 1520 Å V. The C ³Π_u ← X ¹Σ_g⁺ system, Astrophys. J. 142, 1203 (1965).

Dressler, K., The lowest valence and Rydberg states in the dipole-allowed absorption spectrum of nitrogen: A

survey of their interactions, Can. J. Phys. 47, 547 (1969).

Lefebvre-Brion, H., Theoretical study of homogeneous perturbations. II. Least-squares fitting method to obtain

“deperturbed” crossing Morse curves. Application to the perturbed ¹Σ⁺_u states of N₂, Can. J. Phys. 47, 541 (1969).

Carroll, P.K. & Collins, C.P., High resolution absorption studies of the b–X System of nitrogen, Can. J. Phys. 47, 563

(1969).

Geiger, J. & Schröder, B., Intensity perturbations due to configuration interaction observed in the electron energy-

loss spectrum of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 7 (1969).

Carroll, P. K., Collins, C. P., & Yoshino, K., The high energy ¹Σ_g⁺ states of N₂, J. Phys. B 3, L127 (1970).

Leoni, M. & Dressler, K., Predissociation probabilities and determination of a repulsive potential in the N₂ molecule,

J. Appl. Math. Phys. 22, 794 (1971).

Carroll, P. K. & Yoshino, K., The c_n and c_n′ Rydberg states of N₂: High resolution studies, J. Phys. B 5, 1614

(1972).

Carroll, P. K., Band structures in N₂ Rydberg complexes, J. Chem. Phys. 58, 3597 (1973).

Yoshino, K., Tanaka, Y., Carroll, P. K., & Mitchell, P., High resolution absorption spectrum of N₂ in the vacuum-uv

region, o(3,4) – X Bands, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 54, 87 (1975).

Ledbetter, J. W. & Dressler, K., Interaction of the C′ ³Π_u and C ³Π_u states in ¹⁴N₂, ¹⁴N¹⁵N, and ¹⁵N₂, J. Mol.

Spectrosc. 63, 370 (1976).

Ledbetter, J. W., A new band of N₂ and identification of the lower vibronic level of the C′, v = 1 and the C, v=5 ³Π_u

state interaction, J. Chem. Phys. 67, 3400 (1977).

Yoshino, K. & Tanaka, Y., High resolution vuv absorption spectrum of N₂, homogeneous perturbation between c′₄

(0) and b'(1) levels, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 66, 219 (1977).

Robbe, J. M., Ph.D. thesis, University of Lille, 1978.

Yoshino, K., Freeman, D. E. & Tanaka, Y., High resolution VUV absorption spectrum of N₂, c′₄ – X bands, J. Mol.

Spectrosc. 76, 153 (1979).

Suzuki, T. & Kakimoto, M., High-resolution optogalvanic study of the c₄(0), c′₅(0), and a″(0) Rydberg states of N₂,

J. Mol. Spectrosc. 93, 423 (1982).

Stahel, D., Leoni, M., & Dressler, K., Nonadiabatic representations of Σ and π states of the N₂ molecule, J. Chem.

Phys. 79, 2541 (1983).

Yoshino, K. & Freeman, D. E., High resolution vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum of N₂: Perturbations in the

c′₅ (0) and c₄(0) Rydberg levels, Can. J. Phys. 62, 1478 (1984).

Ubachs, W., Tashiro, L., & Zare, R. N., Study of the N₂ b State via 1+1 multiphoton ionization, Chem. Phys. 130, 1

(1989).

Kam, A. W., Lawall, J. R., Lindsay, M. D., Pipkin, F. M., Short, R. C., & Zhao, P., Precise spectroscopy and lifetime

measurement of electron-impact-excited N₂: The c′₄(3) Rydberg level, Phys. Rev. A 40, 1279 (1989).

Helm, H. & Cosby, P. C., Product branching in predissociation of the e Π, e′ Σ, and b′ Σ states of N₂, J. Chem.

Phys. 90, 4208 (1989).

Guberman, S. L., Dissociative recombination of the ground state of N₂⁺, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1051 (1991).

Stark, G., Smith, P. L., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Stevens, M. H., & Ito, K., Absorption band oscillator strengths of N₂

transitions between 95.8 and 99.4 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 4809 (1992). [article link]

Levelt, P. F. & Ubachs, W., XUV-laser spectroscopy on the c′₄(0) and c₃(0) Rydberg states of N₂, Chem. Phys.

163, 263 (1992).

Chan, W. F., Cooper, G., Sodhi, R. N. S., & Brion, C. E., Absolute optical oscillator strengths for discrete and

continuum photoabsorption of molecular nitrogen, Chem. Phys. 170, 81 (1993).

Helm, H., Hazell, I., & Bjerre, N., Lifetimes and Rydberg-valence state mixing of the c′(4) and c(4) States of N₂,

Phys. Rev. A 48, 2762 (1993).

Ubachs, W., Eikema, K. S. F., & Hogervorst, W., Narrow-band extreme-ultraviolet laser radiation tunable in the

range 90.5-95 nm, Appl. Phys. B 57, 411 (1993).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., N(⁴S), N(²D), and N(²P) yields in predissociation of excited singlet states of

N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 3553 (1993).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., Predissociation quantum yields of singlet nitrogen, Phys. Rev. A 50, 2930

(1994).

van der Kamp, A. B., Cosby, P. C., & van der Zande, W. J., Charge-transfer production of predissociated N₂ states.

I. The n=3 Rydberg state region (12.8 – 14 eV), Chem. Phys. 184, 319 (1994).

Edwards, S. A., Tchang-Brillet, W.-U.L., Roncin, J.-Y., Launay, F., & Rostas, F., Modeling the VUV emission

spectrum of N₂: preliminary results on the effects of rotational interactions on line intensities, Planet Space Science 43, 67 (1995).

Kawamoto, Y., Fujitake, M., & Ohashi, N., Near-infrared diode laser spectroscopy of the nitrogen molecule in

Rydberg state: Analysis of the c ¹Π_u – a″ ¹Σ_g⁺, v=0-1 Band, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 185, 330 (1997).

Ubachs, W., Predissociative decay of the c′₄¹Σ_u⁺ v=0 state of N₂, Chem. Phys. Lett. 268, 201 (1997).

Buijsse, B. & van der Zande, W. J., The predissociation mechanisms of the e ¹Π and b′ states of N₂, J. Chem. Phys.

107, 9447 (1997).

Roncin, J.-Y., Subtil, J.-L., & Launay, F., The high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet emission spectrum of molecular

nitrogen from 82.6 to 124.2 nm: Level energies of 10 excited singlet electronic states, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 188, 128 (1998).

Stark, G., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Chan, M. -C., Matsui, T., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., Line oscillator strength

measurements in the 0–0 band of the c′₄¹Σ_u⁺← X ¹Σ_g⁺ transition of N₂, Astrophys. J. 531, 321 (2000). [article link]

Ubachs, W., Velchev, I., & de Lange, A., Predissociation in b ¹Π_u , v (v = 1, 4,5, 6) levels of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 112,

5711 (2000).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., Photoexcitation and predissociation intensities of the c′Σ⁺_u(v = 3 and 4), c¹

¹Π_u (v = 3 and 4) and b′ ¹Σ⁺_u (v = 10, 12, 13, and 15) states of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 4621 (2000).

Spelsberg, D. & Meyer, W., Dipole-allowed excited states of N₂: Potential energy curves, vibrational analysis, and

absorption intensities, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 6438 (2001).

Ubachs, W., Lang, R., Velchev, I., Tchang-Brillet, W.-U.L., Johansson, A., Li, Z. S., Lokhnygin, V., & Wahlstrom, C.-

G., Lifetime measurements of the c′₄¹Σ_u⁺, v = 0, 1, and 2 states of molecular nitrogen, Chem. Phys. 270, 215 (2001).

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Baldwin, K. G. H., Lewis, B. R., & Tchang-Brillet, W.-U.L., Extreme ultraviolet laser

excitation of isotopic molecular nitrogen: The dipole-allowed spectrum of ¹⁵N₂ and ¹⁴N¹⁵N, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 3160 (2003). [article link]

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., L’Huillier, A., Wahlström, Lang, R., Lewis, B. R., & Gibson, S. T.,

Lifetime and predissociation yield of ¹⁴N₂ b ¹Π(v=1), J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8973 (2004). [article link]

Sprengers, J. P., Johansson, A., L’Huillier, A., Wahlström, C.-G., Lewis, B. R., & Ubachs, W., Pump-probe lifetime

measurements on singlet ungerade states in molecular nitrogen, Chem. Phys. Lett. 389, 348 (2004). [article link]

Philip, J., Sprengers, J. P., Cacciani, P., de Lange, C. A., & Ubachs, W., Frequency-mixing scheme for the

production of tunable narrowband XUV radiation (91 – 95 nm): application to precision spectroscopy and predissociation in diatomic molecules, Appl. Phys. B 78, 737 (2004).

Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., & Wahlstrom, C. G., Lifetime and

predissociation yield of ¹⁴N₂ b ¹Π_u (v=1) revisited: Effects of rotation, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 236101 (2005). [article link]

Hannemann, S., Hollenstein, U., van Duijn, E.-J., & Ubachs, W., Production of narrowband tunable extreme-

ultraviolet radiation by noncollinear resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing, Optics Lett. 30, 1494 (2005).

Stark, G., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., Oscillator strength and linewidth measurements of dipole-

allowed transitions in ¹⁴N₂ between 93.5 and 99.5 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 214303 (2005). [article link]

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., & Baldwin, K. G. H., Isotopic variation of experimental lifetimes of the lowest ¹Π_u

states in N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144301 (2005).

Sprengers, J. P., Reinhold, E., Ubachs, W., Baldwin, K. G. H., & Lewis, B. R., Optical observation of the 3sσ_g F ³Π_u

Rydberg state of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 144315 (2005). [article link]

Hashimoto, T. & Kanamori, H., A predissociative triplet Rydberg state of the nitrogen molecule studied by near-

infrared diode laser kinetic spectroscopy, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 235, 104 (2006).

Sprengers, J. P. & Ubachs, W., Lifetimes and transition frequencies of several singlet ungerade states in N₂

between 106000 and 109000 cm^-1, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 235, 176 (2006).

Vieitez, M. O., Ivanov, T. I., Sprengers, J. P., de Lange, C. A., Ubachs, W., Lewis B. R., & Stark, G., Quantum-

interference effects in the o ¹Π_u(v=1) ~ b ¹Π_u(v=9) Rydberg-valence complex of molecular nitrogen, Mol. Phys. 105, 1543 (2007). [article link]

Liu, X., Shemansky, D. E., Malone, C. P., Johnson, P. V., Ajello, J. M., Kanik, I., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Gibson,

S. T., & Stark, G., Experimental and coupled-channels investigation of the radiative properties of the N₂ c′₄¹Σ_u⁺ ← X ¹Σ_g⁺ band system, J. Geophys. Res. 113, A02304 (2008). [article link]

Vieitez, M. O., Ivanov, T. I., de Lange, C. A., Ubachs, W., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., & Stark, G., Interactions of the

3pπ_u (v=2) Rydberg-complex member in isotopic N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 134313 (2008). [article link]

Stark, G., Lewis, B. L., Heays, A. N., Yoshino, K., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., Oscillator strengths and line widths of

dipole-allowed transitions in ¹⁴N₂ between 89.7 and 93.5 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 114302 (2008). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Baldwin, K. G. H., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Stark, G., & Yoshino, K., Optical observation of the C,

3sσ_gF₃, and 3pπ_uG₃ ³Π_u states of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 164305 (2008). [article link]

Ndome, H., Hochlaf, M., Lewis, B. R., Heays, A. N., Gibson, S. T., & Lefebvre-Brion, H., Sign reversal of the spin-

orbit constant for the C ³Π_u state of N₂, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 164307 (2008). [article link]

Khakoo, M. A., Malone, C. P., Johnson, P. V., Lewis, B. R., Laher, R., Wang, S., Swaminathan, V., Nuyujukian, D., &

Kanik, I., Electron-impact excitation of X ¹Σ_g⁺ (v″=0) to the a″ ¹Σ_g⁺, b ¹Π_u, c₃ ¹Π_u, o₃ ¹Π_u, b′ ¹Σ_u⁺, c′₄ ¹Σ_u⁺, G ³Π_u, and F ³Π_u states of molecular nitrogen, Phys. Rev. A 77, 012704 (2008). [article link]

Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Stark, G., Yoshino, K., Smith, P. L., Huber, K. P., & Ito, K., Oscillator strengths

and line widths of dipole-allowed transitions in ¹⁴N₂ between 86.0 and 89.7 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 194308 (2009).[article link]

Maintained by: Glenn Stark | gstark@wellesley.edu | Created by: Sophie Wang ’11 | Date Created: January 2009 | Last Modified: August 2010