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  References:

Jump to Experimental and Calculational Database

N2 coupled-channel Schrödinger equation model: The following citations reference the ANU coupled-channel Schrödinger equation model of N2 and applications of the model for the interpretation of spectroscopic features and for the interpretation of astrophysical observations.

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., L’Huillier, A., Wahlström, Lang, R., Lewis, B. R., & Gibson, S. T.,

Lifetime and predissociation yield of 14N2 b 1Π(v=1), J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8973 (2004). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., Zhang, W., Lefebvre-Brion, H., & Robbe, J.-M., Predissociation mechanism for the
lowest 1Πu states of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144302 (2005). [article link]

Haverd, V. E., Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., & Stark, G., Rotational effects in the band oscillator strengths and
predissociation linewidths for the lowest 1ΠuX 1Σ+g transitions of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 214304 (2005). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., & Wahlstrom, C. G., Lifetime and
predissociation yield of 14N2 b 1Πu (v=1) revisited: Effects of rotation, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 236101 (2005). [article link]

Liang, M.-C., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., & Yung, Y. L., Source of nitrogen isotope anomaly in HCN in
the atmosphere of Titan, Astrophys. J. 664, L115 (2007). [article link]

Liu, X., Shemansky, D. E., Malone, C. P., Johnson, P. V., Ajello, J. M., Kanik, I., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Gibson,
S. T., & Stark, G., Experimental and coupled-channels investigation of the radiative properties of the N2 c4 1u+X 1g+ band system, J. Geophys. Res. 113, A02304 (2008). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Heays, A. N., Gibson, S. T., Lefebvre-Brion, H., & Lefebvre, R., A coupled-channel model of the 3Πu
states of N2: Structure and interactions of the 3sσgF3 3Πu and 3pπuG3 3Πu Rydberg states, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 164306 (2008). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Baldwin, K. G. H., Heays, A. N., Gibson, S. T., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., & Fujitake, M.,
Structure and predissociation of the 3pσuD 3u+ Rydberg state of N2: First extreme-ultraviolet and new near-infrared observations, with coupled-channels analysis, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 204303 (2008). [article link]

Liu, X., Heays, A. N., Shemansky, D. E., Lewis, B. R., & Feldman, P. D., Analysis of terrestrial thermospheric
N2 c4 1u+(0) - b1u+(1)-X 1g+ dayglow emission observed by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, J. Geophys. Res. 114, D07304 (2009). [article link]


Experimental and calculational database: There is a voluminous literature on the spectroscopy of the electronic states of N2. Below, we list those references that inform the development of the CSE model. The spectroscopic modeling of Stahel, Leoni, & Dressler (1983) provides a foundation for subsequent models. The optimization of the ANU CSE model relies on an extensive literature of measured line positions, line widths and level lifetimes, and line strengths. In addition to the listed citations for line positions and identifications, we call attention to the N2 molecular database, hosted by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, that catalogs the spectroscopic studies of K. Yoshino and colleagues. A broad survey of line widths and level lifetimes is available from the comprehensive laser-based spectroscopic studies of the Ubachs research group at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. Line strengths and band strengths for all dipole-allowed transitions in the 90 to 100 nm region are available from the measurements of Stark and colleagues (Stark 2005, Stark 2008, Heays 2009).

Tanaka, Y. & Jursa, A. S., A new method for producing auroral afterglow of nitrogen and its spectrum, J. Opt.

Soc. Am. 51, 1239 (1961).

Carroll, P. K., Structure of Goldstein-Kaplan bands of N2, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A 272, 270 (1963).

Carroll, P. K. & Mulliken, R. S., 3Π levels and predissociations of N2 near the 12.135-eV dissociation limit, J. Chem.
Phys. 43, 2170 (1965).

Tilford, S. G., Vanderslice, J. T., & Wilkinson, P. G., The high-resolution absorption spectrum of nitrogen from 1060
to 1520 Å V. The C 3ΠuX 1Σg+ system, Astrophys. J. 142, 1203 (1965).

Dressler, K., The lowest valence and Rydberg states in the dipole-allowed absorption spectrum of nitrogen: A
survey of their interactions, Can. J. Phys. 47, 547 (1969).

Lefebvre-Brion, H., Theoretical study of homogeneous perturbations. II. Least-squares fitting method to obtain
“deperturbed” crossing Morse curves. Application to the perturbed 1Σ+u states of N2, Can. J. Phys. 47, 541 (1969).

Carroll, P.K. & Collins, C.P., High resolution absorption studies of the bX System of nitrogen, Can. J. Phys. 47, 563
(1969).

Geiger, J. & Schröder, B., Intensity perturbations due to configuration interaction observed in the electron energy-
loss spectrum of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 7 (1969).

Carroll, P. K., Collins, C. P., & Yoshino, K., The high energy 1Σg+ states of N2, J. Phys. B 3, L127 (1970).

Leoni, M. & Dressler, K., Predissociation probabilities and determination of a repulsive potential in the N2 molecule,
J. Appl. Math. Phys. 22, 794 (1971).

Carroll, P. K. & Yoshino, K., The cn and cn′ Rydberg states of N2: High resolution studies, J. Phys. B 5, 1614
(1972).

Carroll, P. K., Band structures in N2 Rydberg complexes, J. Chem. Phys. 58, 3597 (1973).

Yoshino, K., Tanaka, Y., Carroll, P. K., & Mitchell, P., High resolution absorption spectrum of N2 in the vacuum-uv
region, o(3,4) – X Bands, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 54, 87 (1975).

Ledbetter, J. W. & Dressler, K., Interaction of the C3Πu and C 3Πu states in 14N2, 14N15N, and 15N2, J. Mol.
Spectrosc. 63, 370 (1976).

Ledbetter, J. W., A new band of N2 and identification of the lower vibronic level of the C′, v = 1 and the C, v=5 3Πu
state interaction, J. Chem. Phys. 67, 3400 (1977).

Yoshino, K. & Tanaka, Y., High resolution vuv absorption spectrum of N2, homogeneous perturbation between c4
(0) and b'(1) levels, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 66, 219 (1977).

Robbe, J. M., Ph.D. thesis, University of Lille, 1978.

Yoshino, K., Freeman, D. E. & Tanaka, Y., High resolution VUV absorption spectrum of N2, c4X bands, J. Mol.
Spectrosc. 76, 153 (1979).

Suzuki, T. & Kakimoto, M., High-resolution optogalvanic study of the c4(0), c5(0), and a″(0) Rydberg states of N2,
J. Mol. Spectrosc. 93, 423 (1982).

Stahel, D., Leoni, M., & Dressler, K., Nonadiabatic representations of Σ and π states of the N2 molecule, J. Chem.
Phys. 79, 2541 (1983).

Yoshino, K. & Freeman, D. E., High resolution vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum of N2: Perturbations in the
c5 (0) and c4(0) Rydberg levels, Can. J. Phys. 62, 1478 (1984).

Ubachs, W., Tashiro, L., & Zare, R. N., Study of the N2 b State via 1+1 multiphoton ionization, Chem. Phys. 130, 1
(1989).

Kam, A. W., Lawall, J. R., Lindsay, M. D., Pipkin, F. M., Short, R. C., & Zhao, P., Precise spectroscopy and lifetime
measurement of electron-impact-excited N2: The c4(3) Rydberg level, Phys. Rev. A 40, 1279 (1989).

Helm, H. & Cosby, P. C., Product branching in predissociation of the e Π, e′ Σ, and b′ Σ states of N2, J. Chem.
Phys. 90, 4208 (1989).

Guberman, S. L., Dissociative recombination of the ground state of N2+, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1051 (1991).

Stark, G., Smith, P. L., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Stevens, M. H., & Ito, K., Absorption band oscillator strengths of N2
transitions between 95.8 and 99.4 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 4809 (1992). [article link]

Levelt, P. F. & Ubachs, W., XUV-laser spectroscopy on the c4(0) and c3(0) Rydberg states of N2, Chem. Phys.
163, 263 (1992).

Chan, W. F., Cooper, G., Sodhi, R. N. S., & Brion, C. E., Absolute optical oscillator strengths for discrete and
continuum photoabsorption of molecular nitrogen, Chem. Phys. 170, 81 (1993).

Helm, H., Hazell, I., & Bjerre, N., Lifetimes and Rydberg-valence state mixing of the c′(4) and c(4) States of N2,
Phys. Rev. A 48, 2762 (1993).

Ubachs, W., Eikema, K. S. F., & Hogervorst, W., Narrow-band extreme-ultraviolet laser radiation tunable in the
range 90.5-95 nm, Appl. Phys. B 57, 411 (1993).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., N(4S), N(2D), and N(2P) yields in predissociation of excited singlet states of
N2, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 3553 (1993).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., Predissociation quantum yields of singlet nitrogen, Phys. Rev. A 50, 2930
(1994).

van der Kamp, A. B., Cosby, P. C., & van der Zande, W. J., Charge-transfer production of predissociated N2 states.
I. The n=3 Rydberg state region (12.8 – 14 eV), Chem. Phys. 184, 319 (1994).

Edwards, S. A., Tchang-Brillet, W.-U.L., Roncin, J.-Y., Launay, F., & Rostas, F., Modeling the VUV emission
spectrum of N2: preliminary results on the effects of rotational interactions on line intensities, Planet Space Science 43, 67 (1995).

Kawamoto, Y., Fujitake, M., & Ohashi, N., Near-infrared diode laser spectroscopy of the nitrogen molecule in
Rydberg state: Analysis of the c 1Πua1Σg+, v=0-1 Band, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 185, 330 (1997).

Ubachs, W., Predissociative decay of the c41Σu+ v=0 state of N2, Chem. Phys. Lett. 268, 201 (1997).

Buijsse, B. & van der Zande, W. J., The predissociation mechanisms of the e 1Π and b′ states of N2, J. Chem. Phys.
107, 9447 (1997).

Roncin, J.-Y., Subtil, J.-L., & Launay, F., The high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet emission spectrum of molecular
nitrogen from 82.6 to 124.2 nm: Level energies of 10 excited singlet electronic states, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 188, 128 (1998).

Stark, G., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Chan, M. -C., Matsui, T., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., Line oscillator strength
measurements in the 0–0 band of the c41Σu+X 1Σg+ transition of N2, Astrophys. J. 531, 321 (2000). [article link]

Ubachs, W., Velchev, I., & de Lange, A., Predissociation in b 1Πu , v (v = 1, 4,5, 6) levels of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 112,
5711 (2000).

Walter, C. W., Cosby, P. C., & Helm, H., Photoexcitation and predissociation intensities of the c′Σ+u(v = 3 and 4), c1
1Πu (v = 3 and 4) and b1Σ+u (v = 10, 12, 13, and 15) states of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 4621 (2000).

Spelsberg, D. & Meyer, W., Dipole-allowed excited states of N2: Potential energy curves, vibrational analysis, and
absorption intensities, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 6438 (2001).

Ubachs, W., Lang, R., Velchev, I., Tchang-Brillet, W.-U.L., Johansson, A., Li, Z. S., Lokhnygin, V., & Wahlstrom, C.-
G., Lifetime measurements of the c41Σu+, v = 0, 1, and 2 states of molecular nitrogen, Chem. Phys. 270, 215 (2001).

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Baldwin, K. G. H., Lewis, B. R., & Tchang-Brillet, W.-U.L., Extreme ultraviolet laser
excitation of isotopic molecular nitrogen: The dipole-allowed spectrum of 15N2 and 14N15N, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 3160 (2003). [article link]

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., L’Huillier, A., Wahlström, Lang, R., Lewis, B. R., & Gibson, S. T.,
Lifetime and predissociation yield of 14N2 b 1Π(v=1), J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8973 (2004). [article link]

Sprengers, J. P., Johansson, A., L’Huillier, A., Wahlström, C.-G., Lewis, B. R., & Ubachs, W., Pump-probe lifetime
measurements on singlet ungerade states in molecular nitrogen, Chem. Phys. Lett. 389, 348 (2004). [article link]

Philip, J., Sprengers, J. P., Cacciani, P., de Lange, C. A., & Ubachs, W., Frequency-mixing scheme for the
production of tunable narrowband XUV radiation (91 – 95 nm): application to precision spectroscopy and predissociation in diatomic molecules, Appl. Phys. B 78, 737 (2004).

Lewis, B. R., Gibson, S. T., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Johansson, A., & Wahlstrom, C. G., Lifetime and
predissociation yield of 14N2 b 1Πu (v=1) revisited: Effects of rotation, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 236101 (2005). [article link]

Hannemann, S., Hollenstein, U., van Duijn, E.-J., & Ubachs, W., Production of narrowband tunable extreme-
ultraviolet radiation by noncollinear resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing, Optics Lett. 30, 1494 (2005).

Stark, G., Huber, K. P., Yoshino, K., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., Oscillator strength and linewidth measurements of dipole-
allowed transitions in 14N2 between 93.5 and 99.5 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 214303 (2005). [article link]

Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., & Baldwin, K. G. H., Isotopic variation of experimental lifetimes of the lowest 1Πu
states in N2, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144301 (2005).

Sprengers, J. P., Reinhold, E., Ubachs, W., Baldwin, K. G. H., & Lewis, B. R., Optical observation of the 3sσg F 3Πu
Rydberg state of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 144315 (2005). [article link]

Hashimoto, T. & Kanamori, H., A predissociative triplet Rydberg state of the nitrogen molecule studied by near-
infrared diode laser kinetic spectroscopy, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 235, 104 (2006).

Sprengers, J. P. & Ubachs, W., Lifetimes and transition frequencies of several singlet ungerade states in N2
between 106000 and 109000 cm-1, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 235, 176 (2006).

Vieitez, M. O., Ivanov, T. I., Sprengers, J. P., de Lange, C. A., Ubachs, W., Lewis B. R., & Stark, G., Quantum-
interference effects in the o 1Πu(v=1) ~ b 1Πu(v=9) Rydberg-valence complex of molecular nitrogen, Mol. Phys. 105, 1543 (2007). [article link]

Liu, X., Shemansky, D. E., Malone, C. P., Johnson, P. V., Ajello, J. M., Kanik, I., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Gibson,
S. T., & Stark, G., Experimental and coupled-channels investigation of the radiative properties of the N2 c41Σu+X 1Σg+ band system, J. Geophys. Res. 113, A02304 (2008). [article link]

Vieitez, M. O., Ivanov, T. I., de Lange, C. A., Ubachs, W., Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., & Stark, G., Interactions of the
3pπu (v=2) Rydberg-complex member in isotopic N2, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 134313 (2008). [article link]

Stark, G., Lewis, B. L., Heays, A. N., Yoshino, K., Smith, P. L., & Ito, K., Oscillator strengths and line widths of
dipole-allowed transitions in 14N2 between 89.7 and 93.5 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 114302 (2008). [article link]

Lewis, B. R., Baldwin, K. G. H., Sprengers, J. P., Ubachs, W., Stark, G., & Yoshino, K., Optical observation of the C,
3sσgF3, and 3pπuG3 3Πu states of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 164305 (2008). [article link]

Ndome, H., Hochlaf, M., Lewis, B. R., Heays, A. N., Gibson, S. T., & Lefebvre-Brion, H., Sign reversal of the spin-
orbit constant for the C 3Πu state of N2, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 164307 (2008). [article link]

Khakoo, M. A., Malone, C. P., Johnson, P. V., Lewis, B. R., Laher, R., Wang, S., Swaminathan, V., Nuyujukian, D., &
Kanik, I., Electron-impact excitation of X 1Σg+ (v″=0) to the a1Σg+, b 1Πu, c3 1Πu, o3 1Πu, b1Σu+, c4 1Σu+, G 3Πu, and F 3Πu states of molecular nitrogen, Phys. Rev. A 77, 012704 (2008). [article link]

Heays, A. N., Lewis, B. R., Stark, G., Yoshino, K., Smith, P. L., Huber, K. P., & Ito, K., Oscillator strengths
and line widths of dipole-allowed transitions in 14N2 between 86.0 and 89.7 nm, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 194308 (2009).[article link]
 
  Maintained by: Glenn Stark | gstark@wellesley.edu | Created by: Sophie Wang ’11 | Date Created: January 2009 | Last Modified: August 2010  
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