(Chronological Order: 1982-1998)

Cheek, J. M. (1982). Aggregation, moderator variables, and the validity of personality tests: A peer-rating study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 (6), 1254-1269.

Version Used: Second version of the Personal Identity and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981; Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Aggregating the Personal Identity and Private Self-Consciousness scales into a global measure of Inward Orientation, Cheek (1982) found that self-ratings and peer-ratings of personality characteristics were most strongly correlated for subjects who scored high on both Inward Orientation and Acting (as measured by the Acting subscale of Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale).

Cheek, J. M. & Busch, C. M. (1982, April). Self-monitoring and the inner-outer metaphor: Principled versus pragmatic self? Paper presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore, MD.

Version Used: Second version of the Personal Identity and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981; Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Cheek & Busch (1982) found social identity to be positively correlated with measures of public self-consciousness, sociability, and institutional and altruistic selves Social Identity was also positively correlated with the total score and extraversion subscale of Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale. Personal identity was positively correlated with private self-consciousness, need for uniqueness and achievement-oriented self. Personal identity was neither positively nor negatively correlated with the Self-Monitoring Scale or any of its subscales.

Hogan R. & Cheek, J. M. (1983). Identity, authenticity, and maturity. In T.R. Sarbin & K. E. Scheibe (Eds.), Studies in Social Identity (pp. 339-357). New York: Praeger.

Version Used: Personal and Social Identity Scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981)

Reliabilities for scales: .69 (Personal Identity), .60 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Using Barron's (1953) Independence of Judgment Scale, Hogan and Cheek (1983) found that respondents who scored high on Personal Identity and low on Social Identity had significantly higher Independence of Judgment scores than any other group of respondents. In a regression equation, Personal Identity and Social Identity together served as a better predictor for Independence of Judgment scores than either scale alone.

Cheek, J. M., & Hogan, R. (1983). Self-concepts, self-presentations, and moral judgments. In J. Suls and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 2, pp. 249-273). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Version Used: Intermediate version between Cheek & Hogan (1981) and Cheek (1982/83): 9 Personal Identity items, 7 Social Identity items Reliabilities for scales: Reliabilities for scales : .70 (Personal Identity), .70 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Cheek and Hogan (1983) found that Personal Identity correlated significantly more strongly with guilt feelings than with shame, whereas Social Identity correlated significantly more strongly with shame than with guilt.

Liebman, W. E. & Cheek, J. M. (1983, August). Shyness and body image. Paper presented as part of APA Convention Symposium "Progress in Research on Shyness," Anaheim, CA.

Version Used: Social Identity item pertaining to physical appearance (Cheek, 1982/83)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Using a single Social Identity item to measure importance of physical appearance, Liebman and Cheek (1983) found that shyness and self-evaluation of physical appearance were strongly correlated negatively when physical appearance was considered very or extremely important, but they were only slightly correlated negatively when physical appearance was considered slightly or somewhat important.

Penner, L. A., & Wymer, W. E. (1983). The moderator variable approach to behavioral predictability: Some of the variables some of the time. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 339-353.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek, 1982/83)

Reliabilities for scales: .82 (Personal Identity); .83 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: While Personal and Social Identity were both positively correlated with Private and Public Self-Consciousness, Penner and Wymer (1983) found that Personal Identity showed a stronger relationship with Private Self-Consciousness and Social Identity was more strongly correlated with Public Self-Consciousness. Social Identity was also positively correlated with Self-Monitoring.

Cutler, B. L., Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984, August). Reliability and construct validity of the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association. Toronto, Canada.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek, 1982/83)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Cutler et al. (1984) found Personal Identity to have a significant positive correlation with need for uniqueness and achievement orientation, while Social Identity was instead significantly correlated with concern for social appropriateness and altruistic orientation.

Wymer, W. E., & Penner, L. A. (1985). Moderator variables and different types of predictability: Do you have a match? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49 (4), 1002-1015.

Version Used: Original Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Briggs, 1982)

Reliabilities for scales: .77 (Personal Identity)

Summary of Research: Replicating Cheek's (1982) use of a composite of Personal Identity and Private Self-Consciousness, Wymer and Penner (1985) found high scores on both "Inner-Directedness" and social skills to predict higher levels of congruence between self- and peer-ratings. Respondents low on social skills and high on Inner-Directedness had higher levels of attitude-behavior congruence. Further, respondents high on Personal Identity also tended to have higher attitude-behavior congruence than respondents low on Personal Identity.

Frantz, R. P. (1985). Self-actualization and social interest: A comparison of two scales. Unpublished B. A. Honors thesis, Wellesley College.

Version Used: Original Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Briggs, 1982)

Reliabilities for scales: .68 (Personal Identity), .78 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Paralleling Hogan and Cheek's (1983) findings, Frantz (1985) found that Social Identity was negatively correlated with Independence of Judgment . Personal Identity was positively correlated with Independence of Judgment, and the combination of the two identity scales significantly predicted Independence of Judgment scores, demonstrating a pattern similar to that of Hogan and Cheek (1983).

Briggs, S. R. & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54 (1), 106-148.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek, 1982/83)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: While a series of self-esteem measures all loaded highly on a self-evaluation factor, Briggs and Cheek (1986) found that Personal Identity did not load on this factor, suggesting that identity orientations (self-values) are indeed distinct from self-esteem (self-evaluation).

Leary, M. R., Wheeler, D. S., & Jenkins, T. B. (1986). Aspects of identity and behavioral preference: Studies of occupational and recreational choice. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49 (1), 11-18.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek, 1982/83)

Reliabilities for scales: .64, .81 (Personal Identity); .73, .78 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Leary et al. (1986) found respondents high in Personal Identity to consider personally-relevant job characteristics as significantly more important than respondents low in Personal Identity, while respondents high in Social Identity rated socially-relevant job characteristics significantly higher than those low in Social Identity. Respondents high in Personal Identity also rated personal reasons for participating in sports significantly higher than did respondents low in Personal Identity; respondents high in Social Identity instead rated social reasons for participating in sports as significantly more important than did those low in Social Identity.

Forman, B. D., & Crandall, J. E. (1986). Social interest, irrational beliefs, and identity. Individual Psychology , 42 (1), 26-34.

Version Used: Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981; Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Forman and Crandall (1986) found that undergraduates scoring highest on Social Interest also tended to score more highly on Social Identity than those low on Social Interest; no significant relationships were found between Social Interest and Personal Identity.

Johnson, J. A. (1987). Influence of adolescent social crowds on the development of vocational identity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31, 182-199.

Version Used: Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981; Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Comparing Brown's taxonomy of adolescent social crowds to Holland's conceptualization of vocational personality types, Johnson (1987) found that people who were members of highly individualistic crowds (e.g., "Brains") tended to have stronger personal identity orientations, while those who described themselves as members of the "Socialite" crowd tended to have stronger social identity orientations .

Berzonsky, M. D., Trudeau, J. V., & Brennan, F. X. (1988, March). Social-cognitive correlates of identity status. Paper presented at the second biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Alexandria, VA.

Version Used: Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981; Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: .71 (Personal Identity); .64 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Berzonsky et al. (1988) found Personal Identity to be positively correlated with identity achievement and negatively correlated with identity diffusion . Social Identity was significantly correlated with identity foreclosure .

Barnes, B. D., Mason, E., Leary, M. R., Laurent, J., Griebel, C., & Bergman, A. (1988). Reactions to social vs. self-evaluation: Moderating effects of personal and social identity orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 513-524.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek, 1982/83)

Reliabilities for scales: .73 (Personal Identity); .82 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Barnes et al. (1988) found that respondents high in Personal Identity were more apprehensive about self-evaluation and less apprehensive about social evaluation than were respondents low in Personal Identity. Further, respondents high in Social Identity grew more apprehensive about social evaluation than did low Social Identity respondents.

Johnson, J. A., Germer, C. K., Efran, J. S., & Overton, W. F. (1988). Personality as the basis for theoretical predilections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55 (5), 824-835.

Version Used: Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981; Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: .71 (Personal Identity); .70 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Johnson et al. (1988) found that respondents high in Personal Identity were significantly more likely to have an organismic world view, a relationship stronger among women than among men . Social Identity and mechanistic world view were unrelated among females, but male respondents scoring high on Social Identity were more likely to have a mechanistic world view (The gender differences in the first sample were reported in Johnson's (1984) APA paper, but not in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology article.) These results in the first small sample (N = 56) were not replicated in a second small sample (N = 24).

Miller, M. L., & Thayer, J. F. (1988). On the nature of self-monitoring: Relationships with adjustment and identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14 (3), 544-553.

Version Used: Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Hogan, 1981; Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: .71 (Personal Identity); .70 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Miller and Thayer (1988) found that respondents high on Social Identity scored higher on the Self-Monitoring Scale than did respondents low in Social Identity. Separating their sample into low-, middle- and high self-monitors, Miller and Thayer (1988) further found that middle-level self-monitors who scored low on both identity scales were lower Áon neuroticism than low self-monitors scoring low on both identity measures and high self-monitors low on Personal Identity and high on Social Identity .

Lamphere, R. A., & Leary, M. R. (1990). Private and public self-processes: A return to James's constituents of the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16 (4), 717-725.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (1982/83)

Reliabilities for scales: .77 (Personal Identity); .81 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Lamphere and Leary (1990) reported that Personal Identity had significant positive correlations with Private Self-Consciousness and a new Endogenic Orientation scale; Social Identity has significant positive correlations with Public Self-Consciousness, the Self-Monitoring Scale, and a new Exogenic Orientation scale.

Lapsley, D. K., Rice, K. G., & FitzGerald, D. P. (1990). Adolescent attachment, identity, and adjustment to college: Implications for the continuity of adaptation hypothesis. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68 (5), 561-565.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (1982/83) Lapsley et al. (1990) only cite Cheek & Briggs (1982), however they appear to use Cheek's (1982/83) Aspects of Identity Questionnaire, due to their description of the measure.

Reliabilities for scales: .71 (Personal Identity); .79 (Social Identity)

Summary of Research: Lapsley et al. (1990) found that freshmen tended to have stronger personal identity orientations than upperclassmen . Female students were found to be less alienated from their peers and to score higher on Personal Identity and Social Identity than their male counterparts. Attachment to parents surfaced as a predictor of higher Personal Identity and Social Identity scores for both freshmen and upperclassmen.

Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. (1990). Self-consciousness and self-presentation: Being autonomous versus appearing autonomous. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 (4), 820-828.

Version Used: Original Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Briggs, 1982)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Schlenker & Weigold (1990) found that personal identity was consistently positively correlated with private self-consciousness, need for uniqueness, sociability and autonomy, while not significantly correlated with public self-consciousness. Social identity was consistently positively correlated with public self-consciousness, fear of negative evaluation, sociability and conformity, while not significantly correlated with private self-consciousness.

Luhtanen, R. & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18 (3), 302-318.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire () (Cheek, Underwood, & Cutler, 1985)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Luhtanen & Crocker (1992) found that Social Identity and Collective Identity were both positively correlated with the total score and Identity subscale of their new Collective Self-Esteem Scale.

Tropp, Linda R. (1992). The construct of collective identity and its implications for the Wellesley College context. Unpublished B. A. Honors thesis, Wellesley College.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire () (Cheek, Underwood, & Cutler, 1985)

Reliabilities for scales: .77 (Personal Identity), .86 (Social Identity), .66 (Collective Identity)

Summary of Research: Tropp (1992) found that respondents high in Collective Identity were significantly more likely to spontaneously describe themselves as members of an ethnic group, to rank ethnicity as a highly central aspect of self, and to regard uniqueness as less central to their self-concepts. In contrast, respondents high in Personal Identity tended to rank uniqueness as a highly central aspect of self , while rating ethnicity as significantly less central to their self-concepts.

McKillop, K. J., Berzonsky, M. D., & Schlenker, B. R. (1992). The impact of self-presentations on self-beliefs: Effects of social identity and self-presentational context. Journal of Personality, 60 (4), 789-808.

Version Used: Original Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Briggs, 1982)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: McKillop et al. (1992) showed that respondents high in Social Identity (SI) tended to be more affected by self-presentational roles in a face-to-face condition than respondents low in Social Identity. Respondents high in Social Identity also showed an increase in self-esteem when presenting themselves positively in the face-to-face condition. In the anonymous condition, low SI respondents with positive self-presentations had higher self-ratings of sociability than either low SI respondents with negative self-presentations or high SI respondents with positive self-presentations .

Leary, M. R., & Jones, J. L. (1993). The social psychology of tanning and sunscreen use: Self-presentational motives as a predictor of health risk. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23 (17), 1390-1406.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek, 1989; Cheek et al., 1985) (Leary and Jones give an incorrect 1990 citation, using the preliminary title of the edited volume in which Cheek (1989) appeared.)

Reliabilities for scales: exceeded .70 for both Personal and Social Identity scales

Summary of Research: Leary and Jones (1993) found that respondents who engaged in more skin cancer risk behaviors scored higher on Social Identity and Public Self-Consciousness . Personal Identity showed no significant relationship to risk behaviors, yet it was positively correlated with increased sunscreen use.

Britt, T. W. (1993). Metatraits: Evidence relevant to the validity of the construct and its implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (3), 554-562.

Version Used: Original Personal and Social Identity scales (Cheek & Briggs, 1982)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: Britt (1993) replicated the finding that personal identity is positively correlated with private self-consciousness , and found that people traited on both of these variables showed greater correlations between the two than did untraited respondents or those traited only on one. Social identity correlated positively with public self-consciousness ; the relationship between these two variables was substantially stronger among traited respondents than among untraited respondents or those traited on only one of the variables.

Little, B. R. (1993). Personal projects and the distributed self: Aspects of a conative psychology. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 4, pp. 157-181). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Version Used: Refers to Cheek & Hogan (1981, 1983; which should be Hogan & Cheek, 1983)

Reliabilities for scales: (N/A)

Summary of Research: Little (1993) used Cheek & Hogan's (1981) two-factor solution of Personal Identity and Social Identity as a model for his own factor analysis of self-identity ratings of Personal Projects. In his results (Table 6.2, p. 169), he found two factors which he considered to be similar to Cheek & Hogan's Social Identity and Personal Identity. In the same edited volume, Mark R. Leary (1993, The interplay of private self-processes and interpersonal factors in self-presentation, Ch. 5, pp. 127-155) discusses several of his studies using the Personal and Social Identity scales.

Kowalski, R. M., & Wolfe, R. (1994). Collective identity orientation, patriotism, and reactions to national outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20 , 533-540.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek et al., 1985)

Reliabilities for scales: .81, .78 (Personal Identity); .66, .74 (Collective Identity)

Summary of Research: Kowalski and Wolfe (1994) conducted two experiments which examined "the extent to which individual differences in collective identity orientation moderate perceptions of the United States following national success and failure ...among subjects low in Personal Identity orientation, those high in Collective Identity orientation rated the United States more favorably following national failure than subjects low in Collective Identity."

Cheek, J. M., Tropp, L. R., Chen, L. C., & Underwood, M. K. (1994, August). Identity orientations: Personal, social, and collective aspects of identity. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-x) (Cheek et al., 1994)

Reliabilities for scales: .84 (Personal Identity), .86 (Social Identity), .68 (Collective Identity)

Summary of Research: Cheek et al. (1994) administered the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire to Asian-American and European-American college students. While there were no significant differences between Asian-Americans and European-Americans with respect to Personal Identity and Social Identity, Asian-Americans were significantly higher in Collective Identity than European-Americans.

Berzonsky, M. D. (1994). Self-Identity: The relationships between process and content. Journal of Research in Personality, 28, 453-460.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-) (Cheek et al., 1985) (Berzonsky (1994) cites Cheek (1988) as the source for the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-). This version of the questionnaire was originally presented in Cheek, Underwood, and Cutler (1985).)

Reliabilities for scales: .78 (Personal Identity), .87 (Social Identity), .72 (Collective Identity)

Summary of Research: Berzonsky (1994) found that identity orientations were associated with his measure of identity processing styles: informational respondents highlighted the personal identity orientation; normative respondents emphasized the collective identity orientation; and diffuse/avoidant respondents focused on the social identity orientation.

Reddy, R., & Gibbons, J. L. (1995). Socioeconomic contexts and adolescent identity development in India. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research, Savannah, Georgia.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-x) (Cheek et al., 1994)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of Research: In a sample of 15-16 year old students in Madras, India, Reddy and Gibbons (1995) found that students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds tended to score higher on Personal Identity orientation, while students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tended to score higher on Collective Identity orientation.

Dollinger, S. J., Preston, L. A., O'Brien, S. P., & DiLalla, D. L. (1996). Individuality and relatedness of the self: An autophotographic study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71, 1268-1278.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-) (Cheek et al., 1985) (cited as Cheek, 1991, NEPA talk at which AIQ- was distributed)

Reliabilities for scales: .79 (Personal Identity), .84 (Social Identity), .69 (Collective Identity) .66 (new Superficial Identity)

Summary of Research: Created a new AIQ scale named "Superficial Identity" by summing 5 items [AIQ-x SP's # 1, 16, & 18 plus SI's # 9 & 15] as "a measure of an emphasis on surface qualities of self immediately visible to others" (M = 17.46, SD = 3.39). Superficial identity orientation correlated .19 with PI, .75 corrected to .61 with the partly overlapping SI, and .36 with CI. Autophotography "essays" were coded for Individuality and Relatedness: Personal Identity had small positive correlations with Individuality and small to moderate negative correlations with Relatedness; Social, Collective, and Superficial Identity orientations had moderately negative correlations with Individuality and small to moderate positive correlations with Relatedness. Regression analyses showed that those who selectively endorsed PI items while not endorsing SI and CI items were the most individualistic; those who selectively endorsed SI and CI but not PI items scored highest on relatedness. (Not reported in the final version of the paper were correlations between the AIQ-and the NEO-FFI, with rs > +/-.30 between Personal Identity and Openness (.41) and between Social Identity and Extraversion (.36, n = 226).)

Dollinger, S. J. (1996). Autophotographic identities of young adults: With special reference to alcohol, athletics, achievement, religion and work. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 384-398.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-) (Cheek et al., 1985) (cited as Cheek, 1989)

Reliabilities for scales: .70 (new Academic Identity)

Summary of Research: In a set of analyses of additional data from the sample described above, Dollinger created a new AIQ scale named "Academic Identity" by summing 3 SP items pertaining to the importance of career plans, academic performance, and the student role [AIQ-x SP's # 30, 32, & 34; M = 11.9, SD = 2.0] to relate to Achievement coding of the autophotography essays (obtained r = .27). In addition, the AIQ religion item [CI # 10] correlated .16 with the Religion photo code, and the AIQ physical abilities item [SP # 27] correlated .23 with the Athletics code for the autobiographical photo essays.

Wink, P. (1997). Beyond ethnic differences: Contextualizing the influence of ethnicity on individualism and collectivism. Journal of Social Issues, 53, 329-350.

Version Used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-x) (Cheek et al., 1994)

Reliabilities for scales: .80 (Personal Identity), .70 (Collective Identity)

Summary of Research: Summary of research : In a sample of 453 American college students of Chinese, Korean, and European descent, Personal Identity correlated .36 with Singelis' Independent Self-Construal and .43 with Schwartz's Personal Openness, and Collective Identity correlated .39 with Singelis' Interdependent Self-Construal and .58 with Schwartz's Social Order. (Correlations for Social Identity were not reported.)

Triandis, H.C., & Gelfand, M.J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128.

Version used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-IIIx) (Cheek et al., 1994)

Reliabilities for scales: .73 (Personal Identity), .83 (Social Identity), .64 (Collective Identity)

Summary of research: In a sample of 90 American college students (Study 4), Collective Identity correlated .32 with a new measure of Vertical Collectivism and other correlations were described as "small" and were not reported in the article.

Carducci, B.J. (1998). The Psychology of Personality. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Version used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek, 1989)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of research: This text book presents a subset of modified AIQ items for the Personal and Social Identity Orientations and reviews theory and research pertaining to the AIQ (pp. 364-367).

Brown, J.D. (1998). The Self. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Version used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-IIIx) (Cheek et al., 1994)

Reliabilities for scales: (not reported)

Summary of research: This text book presents a subset of AIQ-IIIx items for the Personal, Social and Collective Identity Orientations (Table 2.5) as part of a discussion of individual differences in identity (pp. 31-32).

Lutwak, N., Ferrari, J.R., & Cheek, J.M. (1998). Shame, guilt, and identity in men and women:
The role of identity orientation and processing style in moral affects. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 1027-1036 .

Version used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-IIIx) (Cheek et al., 1994)

Reliabilities for scales: .76 (Personal Identity), .75 (Social Identity), .72 (Collective Identity)

Summary of research: In a sample of 306 college students, guilt (TOSCA) was related to Personal Identity and the Informational Identity Style whereas shame was related to Social Identity and the Normative Identity Style. This research is a partial replication and extension of earlier bibliography entries Cheek & Hogan (1983) and Berzonsky (1994). The Collective Identity Orientation scale did not correlate significantly with either guilt or shame, but it did have moderate positive correlations with both the Informational and the Normative Identity Styles.

Seta, C.E., Seta, J.J., & Goodman, R.C. (1998). Social identity orientation and the generation of compensatory expectations: Schema maintenance through compensation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20, 285-291.

Version used: Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-IIIx) (Cheek et al., 1994)

Reliabilities for scales: .87 (Social Identity)

Summary of research: Explored the role that motives to confirm or maintain group stereotypes play in forming expectations about the future behavior of ingroups. Participants high in Social Identity orientation generated compensatory expectations about future behavior of a different group member who was unrelated to a deviant group member.

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